Snake Bite

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DEFINITION

• Bite from a snake antivenom

General Information:  Snakebites most commonly occur on the hands, arms, ankles, or legs when an individual attempts to play with or capture a snake.

Types of Snakebites

• Known poisonous snake
• Known non-poisonous snake
• Unknown (unidentified) snake

Poisonous Snakes

• Poisonous snakebites result in 12 to 15 deaths per year in the United States (1 to 2% of the total poisonous bites).
• There are two main families groupings of poisonous snakes in the U.S. and Canada.
  • Pit Vipers: The different members of the pit viper group include rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths (water moccasins). The venom from pit vipers first causes localized pain and swelling and then later causes generalized symptoms of weakness, nausea, and sweating.
  • Coral Snakes: The venom from a coral snake is toxic to the nervous system. A bite can cause severe weakness or paralysis with minimal pain or swelling at the bite mark.The patterning and coloration consists of bands of dark-red, yellow, and black. The red bands have yellow bands on each side. There are various rhymes that have been made up to remember this pattern. One example is "Red on Yellow, kill a fellow. Red on black, venom lack."

• Symptoms

  • Poisousness snakes have fangs that leave fang marks (1-2 tiny puncture wounds) on the skin at the snakebite site.
  • No symptoms. In about 20% of poisonous snakebites, no venom is injected (dry bites).
  • Local symptoms. If the venom was injected (envenomation), the fang marks will begin to burn and hurt within 5 minutes and swell within 30 minutes. (Exception: the coral snake can cause severe weakness or paralysis with minimal pain or swelling at the bite mark.)
  • Systemic (generalized) symptoms. General body symptoms (e.g., nausea, sweating, weakness) may take several hours to develop. The severity of symptoms depends on the quantity of venom injected, the degree of venom toxicity, location of the bite, snake species and size, and the victim's age and size.

Non-Poisonous Snakebites

• Most non-poisonous bites occur during attempted capture or are from pet snakes.
• A non-poisousness snakebite may appear as a semi-circular pattern of small teeth marks. Often, the small teeth of the non-poisonous snake leaves a scrape that doesn't even puncture the skin.

Unknown (Unidentified) Snakes

• Sometimes the snake disappears shortly after the bite. In other cases, the snake has been killed but is hard to identify. Most bites are from harmless snakes.
• Generally, you can assume that it is a non-poisousness snakebite of there is no local pain, no local swelling, and no fang marks (puncture wounds).

FIRST AID Advice for Poisonous Snake bite:

The following first aid measures are recommended for ALL poisonous snake bites:

• Move away from the snake.
• Victim should remain calm and minimize activity (to reduce absorption and circulation of the venom).
• Promptly transport victim to a medical facility.
• Victim should not eat or drink anything.

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WHEN TO CALL YOUR DOCTOR

Call 911 Now (you may need an ambulance) If

• Passed out (fainted)
• Very weak (can't stand)
• Difficult to awaken or acting confused (disoriented, slurred speech)
• Difficulty breathing
• NOTE: see First Aid

Call Your Doctor Now (night or day) If

• You feel weak or very sick

• Poisonous snakebite
• Snake with red, yellow, and black bands
• 1 or 2 puncture marks (fang marks) are present
• Blood blisters, purple spots, or bleeding in the bite area
• Bite from unknown type of snake and the bite area burns, hurts, or becomes swollen
• Muscle cramps occur
• Numbness or tingling of face
• Bite looks infected (e.g. spreading redness, pus). (Note: infection doesn't start until at least 24-48 hours after a bite).
• You feel sick in any way (e.g. weakness, nausea, vomiting, chills, fever)
• NOTE: see First Aid

Call Your Doctor Within 24 Hours (between 9am and 4pm) If

• You think you need to be seen
• No tetanus booster in more than 10 years

Call Your Doctor During Weekday Office Hours If

• You have other questions or concerns

Self Care at Home If

• Non-poisonous snakebite with no complications and you don't think you need to be seen

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HOME CARE ADVICE FOR NON-POISONOUS SNAKE BITE

1. Cleansing: Wash the bite thoroughly with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic ointment (over the counter) once to the bite mark.
2. Call Your Doctor If:
   • You develop any other symptoms in the 6 hours after the snakebite.
   • Bite begins to look infected (redness, swelling, warmth, tender to touch, or red streaks)
   • You become worse

And remember, contact your doctor if you develop any of the "Call Your Doctor" symptoms.

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