Types of Vascular Malformations

from Practice Update, Spring 2004

Capillary Malformations (Portwine Stains)

Enlarged diameter of capillaries results in a flat, defined vascular stain. Presents with a pink to deep purple appearance. Most common in the head and neck region. A malformation on the eyelid can result in intraorbital pressure and impaired vision.

Lymphatic Malformations

Abnormal channels and spaces within the lymphatic system usually presenting as swelling in the affected area through the accumulation of fluid. Extensive enlargement of soft tissues and bones can occur.

Venous Malformations

Superficial or deep veins that are abnormally formed or dilated. They can be asymptomatic for years or show a slow, steady enlargement. Areas commonly affected include the tongue, cheek or jaw.

Arteriovenous Malformations

Direct connecting of veins and arteries in the absence of a capillary bed. Can appear as a “blush” that becomes dark red or purple as the child grows. A firm mass often develops beneath the stain.

Combined Vascular Malformations

Involve two or more types of vessel abnormalities. May involve overgrowth of soft tissues and bones, pain, skin breakdown and, in severe cases, congestive heart failure.